Major Relationships
The cyber-relationship between China and the US follows a competitive interaction between two world superpowers. In the last two decades, there have been dozens of cyberespionage campaigns between China and the United States, both of whom have been perpetrators. Sensitive information and intellectual property were stolen from state institutions, the military, the energy sector and more. The US government began to take a tougher China in 2014, with the indictment of members of the People's Liberation Army (PLA). They eventually reached an agreement in 2015 and the number and scale of cyberattacks decreased significantly.
In the last few years there have been dozens of acts of cyberaggression against European countries by Russia Cybersecurity failures will lead to the degredation of economic and privacy interests of the member states of NATO and the EU, this forces said member states to create measures to reach cybersecurity goals. Both organizations have recognized cybersecurity as an issue that must be addressed, this has led to acts like the EU Cybersecurity Act, which gives more power to ENISA (European Union Agency for Network and Information Security), and the development of the EU GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) , which helps to protect the privacy of EU citizens.
Since 2004, five GGE (Groups of Governmental Experts) have continuuously studied the threats posed by information and telecommuncation technologies against international security. They have mainly focuses on existing and emerging threats, international laws and how they apply to the usage of ICTs, and the rules of responsible behaviour of states. The UN GGE are credited with outlining the framework of the international cybersecurity agenda and introducing the idea that international laws should apply to cyberspaces.